Eight Holstein dairy cows (4 primiparous and 4 multiparous) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design with four 21-d periods to investigate effects of xylose-treated soybean meal (XSBM) as a source of ruminal undegradable protein in early lactation cows fed barley-based diets. Treatments were diets with XSBM ratios of (1) 0% (control), (2) 4.5%, (3) 9% and (4) 13.7%5, on a dry matter DM basis. Milk production, 4%FCM, milk energy, milk protein, lactose, solids-non-fat and total solids yield were increased by feeding XSBM. Milk fat, protein, lactose, solids-non-fat and total solids percent were not different among treatments. Intake of dry mater, crude protein and energy, blood glucose, albumin and total protein, rumen, fecal and urine pH and changes in body weight were not affected by treatments. Feed, crude protein and energy efficiency were improved by substitution XSBM for soybean meal but not by parity. Increasing dietary XSBM in the ration reduced blood urea N. Results of this study showed that increasing dietary XSBM ratio improved milk production in early lactation cows fed diets based on barley.

Fifteen multiparous cows with mean weight 630+50 and 50+ 40 DIM were selected for comparison of different levels of soybean and allocated randomly to three treatments. The rations were fed to cows as total mixed ration and ad libitum. The cows were and milked three times a day and daily milk yield was recorded while milk samples taken once per week for determination of milk composition and samples of rumen liquor and blood were taken at the last week of experiment. Dry matter intake increased with increasing of soybean levels. The average of milk yield with respect to the rations 1-3 were 29.9, 28.9 and 28.7 and fat corrected milk yield for 4% fat were 27.4, 29.2 and 28.7 kg per day respectively. That it wasn’t significantly different. Milk composition including fat, protein, solid non fat and total solid percent were not affected. Treatments had no significant effect on feces PH and rumen pH. The average of weight change to body weight was 0.2, 1.8 and 4.2 that was not significantly different. Chewing activity (minute per day) was numerically decreased in second diet, but chewing activity to dry matter intake was significantly decreased in second diet. Concentration of calcium, cholesterol, albumin, total protein, urea nitrogen, T3 and T4 in blood of cows receiving different diets were not different, while concentration of glucose and phosphorus in blood were different.

In this study, six Mahabadi goats (40± 0. 5 BW and2 ± 1 DIM) were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design for three periods of 13 days. The experimental diets were: 1) basal diet without essential oil(control), 2) basal diet + 200 mg of Ajowan essential oil and 3) basal diet + 400 mg of Ajowan essential oil per kilogram of diet dry matter. Results showed that addition of Ajowan essential oil had no significant effect on dry matter intake, body weight change, milk yield and performance of kids; but the blood serum concentration of triglyceride and LDL were decreased and HDL increased.

Iodine of maternal origin is required for brain development of the progeny during fetal and early postnatal life. Therefore, the iodine requirements of the mother are increased during pregnancy and lactation. This paper reevaluates the iodine requirements during pregnancy, lactation and the neonatal period and formulates original proposals for the median concentrations of urinary iodine indicating optimal iodine nutrition during these three critical periods of life. Based on an extensive and critical review of the literature on thyroid physiopathology during the perinatal period, the following proposals are made: the iodine requirements are 250-300 µg/day during pregnancy, 225-350 µg/day during lactation and 90 µg/day during the neonatal period. The median urinary iodine indicating optimal iodine nutrition during these three periods should be in the range 150-230 µg/L. These figures are higher than those recommended so far by international agencies.

Introduction: One of the most important additives in the past years has been antibiotics. Despite the beneficial effects of oral antibiotics on animal production and health, their use in animal nutrition for the production of bacteria resistant to various drugs (which may be hazardous to human health) has been controversial. The use of antibiotics has recently been banned due to bacterial resistance and chemical residues in meat and their side effects in humans Therefore, alternatives to the use of growth-promoting antibiotics should be identified and introduced to livestock breeders so that both efficiency and economic benefits are not diminished and consumer health concerns are eliminated. Much research has recently been done on the effects of plant essential oils as natural additives to improve rumen fermentation such as increased production of volatile fatty acids, reduced methane production, improved protein metabolism and increased feed utilization efficiency. Humans have used plants and their extracts for thousands of years. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Carum copticum L. essential oil supplementation on nutrient digestibility and some blood and ruminal metabolites, milk production and milk compounds in Mahabadian goats. Materials and Methods: Treatments included: control diet (basal diet without essential oil), basal diet + 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil in the ration dry matter and basal diet + 600 mg / kg Carum copticum L. essential oil in the dietary dry matter. Treatments were provided by TMR. During the experimental period, the animals were kept individually and healthy. Each livestock had a separate mug and manger. The cages were thoroughly cleaned and washed before the animals were deployed. Goats always had access to fresh water all day long. Drinkers were also thoroughly cleaned once every two days. The study was conducted in three 21-day trial periods including 14 days of habituation and 7 days of vector record. All measurements taken are in the record stage. Experimental rations adjusted to dry matter, based on NRC recommendations with SRNS software version 1. 9. 4468. During the trial period, the amount of feed poured into the manger and the daily residue was recorded to calculate the dry matter intake. It was calculated on a daily basis, so that the amount of feed given was weighed daily, and the remainder of the feed was collected, weighed, and sampled twice a week. Daily milk production was recorded in goat milk production. Milk samples were collected weekly for two consecutive days to determine the composition of the milk produced, and its composition including the percentage of fat, protein, lactose and total solids was measured using (MilcoscanTMS50 model number 75610 Was taken). Blood samples were taken at 4 h after the morning meal to determine blood parameters. The blood samples were immediately transferred to the laboratory and centrifuged at 6, 000 rpm for 7 minutes, and serum was stored in 1. 5 ml microtubes in a freezer at-20 ° C. Isolated serum for determination of albumin, creatinine, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, cholesterol, urea, total protein and glucose. Results and Discussion: eed intake was not significantly different between treatments. Effect of experimental treatments on dry matter digestibility was not significant (P <0. 05). Numerically, the highest digestibility was related to treatment of 300 mg/kg of Carum copticum L. essential oil and the lowest was related to 600 mg/kg treatment, and the effect of experimental diets on digestibility of crude protein, ether extract, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was not significant (P<0. 05). The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of volatile fatty acids was not significant (P<0. 05) but the total amount of volatile fatty acids showed a significant decrease compared to the control. The effect of the experimental treatments on the amount of milk produced was not significant (P<0. 05). Effect of experimental treatments on milk fat and protein content was not significant (P<0. 05). As shown in the table, the experimental treatments had a significant effect on some blood parameters such as cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglyceride, albumin, urea and creatinine (P<0. 05). Blood cholesterol significantly decreased with increasing dosage of essential oil Blood LDL concentration decreases with increasing dosage of essential oil in the diet. Blood HDL increased significantly with increasing essential oil content. Conclusion: n general, the results of this study showed that the addition of Carum copticum L. essential oil to Mahabadian goat’ s diet did not have a significant effect on milk yield, production and composition but it decreased total rumen volatile fatty acids, serum cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL concentrations. However, further research is needed.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplemental feed in early lactation on wool growth and quality of ewes and growth rate of sucking lambs. Thirty six ewes with similar conditions from a flock of autumn lambing of Arabi sheep of the Ramin Agricultural complex of Shahid Chamran University were included in this experiment. The ewes were divided into 4 groups of 9 sheep (with 3 groups of ewes were and 1 group were dry). The wet ewes allocated into 3 different levels of supplemental feed (0 (as conventionally similar to dry ewes), 350 and 700 grams/ ewe)) for a period of one month after lambing in a completely randomized design. Despite the similar live weight of 4 ewe groups at lambing time, the dry ewes were heavier (P<0.05) than wet ewes during whole period of 2 weeks interval from lambing to weaning. The same trend was found for body condition score. Live weight and body condition score of 3 groups of wet ewes were not affected (P>0.05) by levels of supplemental feed. With exception of those wet ewes were not affected (P>0.05) by levels of supplemental feed. With exception of those wet ewes offered 700g/day supplemental feed, the 2 other wet groups of ewes had significantly (P<0.05) slower wool growth rate than dry ewes during a 14 period weeks (from 2 weeks before lambing until weaning). The growth rate (g/d) of lambs reared by 2 offered supplemental feed group ewes greater (P<0.05) than lambs reared by conventionally ewes group during the whole period (10 weeks), but this superiority was accord during the first 6 weeks age of lambs not later 4 weeks. The differences of lamb growth rate between ewes offered 350 or 700-g/d supplemental feed were not significant (P>0.05). these results are shown that by offering 350 g/d supplemental feed can improve only lamb growth rate, but using 700-g/d supplemental feed can improve both lamb and wool growth rate. Thus, it is recommended that, for similar conventional system of Iranian sheep production, like this experiment a high quality supplemental feed at least 350 g/d should be offered to the early lactation period of the autumn lambing of ewes.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lactation stage and numbers of parities on milk composition in Arabi ewe. Thirty Arabi ewes (10 ewe per each group from first, second and third parity) with average weight of 47 Kg in randomized design were used. After the parturition of ewes from each group, milk samples were collected every two weeks for two months to evaluate the milk composition. In the third parity ewes, the highest milk protein percent was related to the second month of lactation (p < 0. 05). In the first, second and third parity, milk fat percent was increased with lactation progress (p < 0. 05). The highest amount of total solid was belonged to ewes in their third parity in the 8th week of lactation (p < 0. 05). In the first parity ewes, the amount of total solid was fluctuating with lactation (p < 0. 05). In first and third parity of ewes, the percentage of milk lactose in the 8th week of lactation was higher than the previous stages of lactation. In the first parity ewes, pH increased with progress the lactation period (p < 0. 05). In general, physicochemical characteristics of Arabi ewe milk, except ash and density, were affected by parity and lactation stage.